EDITING TECHNIQUES
Cut - A visual transition created in editing in which one shot is instantaneously replaced on screen by another.Continuity editing - Editing that creates action that flows smoothly across shots and scenes without jarring visual inconsistencies. Establishes a sense of story for the viewer.
Cross cutting - Cutting back and forth quickly between two or more lines of action, indicating they are happening simultaneously.
Dissolve
A gradual scene transition. The editor overlaps the end of one shot with the beginning of the next one.
Editing - The work of selecting and joining together shots to create a finished film.
Errors of continuity - Disruptions in the flow of a scene, such as a failure to match action or the placement of props across shots.
Establishing shot - A shot, normally taken from a great distance or from a "bird's eye view," that establishes where the action is about to occur. (1)
Eyeline match - The matching of eye-lines between two or more characters. For example, if Sam looks to the right in shot A, Jean will look to the left in shot B. This establishes a relationship of proximity and continuity.
Fade - A visual transition between shots or scenes that appears on screen as a brief interval with no picture. The editor fades one shot to black and then fades in the next. Often used to indicate a change in time and place.
Final cut - The finished edit of a film, approved by the director and the producer. This is what the audience sees.
Iris - Visible on screen as a circle closing down over or opening up on a shot. Seldom used in contemporary film, but common during the silent era of Hollywood films.
Jump cut - A cut that creates a lack of continuity by leaving out parts of the action.
Matched cut - A cut joining two shots whose compositional elements match, helping to establish strong continuity of action. (2)
Montage - Scenes whose emotional impact and visual design are achieved through the editing together of many brief shots. The shower scene from 'Psycho' is an example of montage editing.
Rough cut - The editor's first pass at assembling the shots into a film, before tightening and polishing occurs.
Sequence shot - A long take that extends for an entire scene or sequence. It is composed of only one shot with no editing.
Shot reverse shot cutting- Usually used for conversation scenes, this technique alternates between over-the-shoulder shots showing each character speaking. (3)
Wipe - Visible on screen as a bar travelling across the frame pushing one shot off and pulling the next shot into place. Rarely used in contemporary film, but common in films from the 1930s and 1940s.
180 Degree rule - This involves the camera not going past a line between two people so the viewer doesn't get confused between prospective.
Book Reference(2)
Magazine Reference (6)
HISTORY OF FILM EDITING
Film began with 'Thomas Edison', an inventor and businessman best known for inventing the lightbulb. He invented the kinetoscope. The kinetoscope was a peep show devise mainly shown at circuses around America. It could show 50 foot worth of continues viewing which made the illusion of a moving image. This would have been the first time people would have seen a moving image at the time making it revolutionary. This was around 1888.
After 'Thomas Edison', around 1895, two brothers in Paris were inventing something similar mainly however for commercial purposes. They were called the 'Lumeier brother', Lumeier being French for light. The first film recording on this devise was called 'Arrival of a Train at the Station' and was once again shown around American circuses as an oddity. (4)
In 1903 the medium of film grew further when French theatre director 'Georges Melies' directed and produced the first motion picture feature length film. The film was based roughly on two novels and was called 'A Trip to the Moon'. Georges realised the potential with film and instead of filming a train like everyone else he wrote and directed a story with a full plot. This involved editing. It was the first film to have cuts, dissolves and some post production special effects. This has been parodied a lot in modern pop culture.
Also in 1903 came 'The Great Train Robbery'. Directed by 'Edwin Porter' it also featured a plot, special effects and editing. The special effects at the time involved drawing on each individual frame to gain a super imposed object in the scene. The great train robbery was also shown in American circuses and has many iconic scenes. The themes also explored by 'The Great Train Robbery' were a new concept explored for film; the theme was dark and involved criminals, guns and death. (5)
The first film to be shown in theatres around America was 'DW Griffiths' 'Birth of a Nation'. It was a documentary as such exploring Americas history. Shown in 1915 it is seen by many as the first respected film. Modern directors call 'Griffith' the godfather of film. Many say it set the guidelines for narrative filmmaking creating the concept of genre. It was also controversial however glamourising the religious racist group, the KKK. This shown how the medium of film can impact and change views for people proving the powerful medium. Instances like this continued to be used in the Nazi propaganda movement.
1925: Seen as Hollywoods golden years. They were known to churn out film mostly for the money benefits Genres included Western, Film Nior and Gangster. This was because people liked to know what they were going to get when going to the cinema. Across Europe and Russia however directers were trying to be more creative. Eisenstein, situated in Russia was exploring ways of portraying meaning through editing and film without offence or speech. His most famous piece of film was 'Battleship Potemkin'. Highly praised for its amounts of symbolism used throughout, it follows the events witnessed during a riot at Battleship Potemkin. What started of with rotten food ends with the sailors raising the red flag trying to ignite the revolution in their home town.
The whole film uses a montage a scenes expressing feelings toward death, revolution and suffering. An example of it using montage is by showing a scene of a cow getting slaughtered following a riot scene. He saw symbolism as being similar to Japanese letters; two together would make a completely different word. This all required him to have high amounts of quality editing throughout.
After 'Thomas Edison', around 1895, two brothers in Paris were inventing something similar mainly however for commercial purposes. They were called the 'Lumeier brother', Lumeier being French for light. The first film recording on this devise was called 'Arrival of a Train at the Station' and was once again shown around American circuses as an oddity. (4)
In 1903 the medium of film grew further when French theatre director 'Georges Melies' directed and produced the first motion picture feature length film. The film was based roughly on two novels and was called 'A Trip to the Moon'. Georges realised the potential with film and instead of filming a train like everyone else he wrote and directed a story with a full plot. This involved editing. It was the first film to have cuts, dissolves and some post production special effects. This has been parodied a lot in modern pop culture.
The first film to be shown in theatres around America was 'DW Griffiths' 'Birth of a Nation'. It was a documentary as such exploring Americas history. Shown in 1915 it is seen by many as the first respected film. Modern directors call 'Griffith' the godfather of film. Many say it set the guidelines for narrative filmmaking creating the concept of genre. It was also controversial however glamourising the religious racist group, the KKK. This shown how the medium of film can impact and change views for people proving the powerful medium. Instances like this continued to be used in the Nazi propaganda movement.
1925: Seen as Hollywoods golden years. They were known to churn out film mostly for the money benefits Genres included Western, Film Nior and Gangster. This was because people liked to know what they were going to get when going to the cinema. Across Europe and Russia however directers were trying to be more creative. Eisenstein, situated in Russia was exploring ways of portraying meaning through editing and film without offence or speech. His most famous piece of film was 'Battleship Potemkin'. Highly praised for its amounts of symbolism used throughout, it follows the events witnessed during a riot at Battleship Potemkin. What started of with rotten food ends with the sailors raising the red flag trying to ignite the revolution in their home town.
The whole film uses a montage a scenes expressing feelings toward death, revolution and suffering. An example of it using montage is by showing a scene of a cow getting slaughtered following a riot scene. He saw symbolism as being similar to Japanese letters; two together would make a completely different word. This all required him to have high amounts of quality editing throughout.
Bibliography
- Mastering film . 2007. Good Video Editing Techniques to Consider. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.masteringfilm.com/good-video-editing-techniques-to-consider/. [Accessed 27 September 2016].
- Clark, V., Baker, J. and Lewis, E. (2002) Key concepts & skills for media studies (Hodder Arnold publication). 7th edn. London: A Hodder Arnold Publication.
- film/editing terms . 2012. Film/Editing Terms. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.zerocut.com/tech/film_terms.html. [Accessed 27 September 2016].
- wikapedia . 2016. History of film editing . [ONLINE] Available at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editing. [Accessed 27 September 2016].
- InfoPlease . 2015. History of editing . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.infoplease.com/cig/movies-flicks-film/fade-brief-history-editing.html. [Accessed 27 September 2016].
- Mark Ramey (2014). Media Magazine. Compton terrace London : emagazine. 23
Mr. Holder feedback 27th September
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